The Truth About Our Physical Education History

Remember high school gym class? You played volleyball, ran a mile on the track, and ducked before being hit in the face during a vigorous game of dodge ball? Physical education has been part of the educational scene for nearly 200 years. It is vital that students participate in physical education to keep their mind and body in peak learning condition. Currently, the childhood obesity rate is dangerously climbing to epidemic levels. Therefore, the focus on physical education is more important then ever before.

The question is how should physical education be conducted? First, take a look at physical education history. Physical education has evolved over the years. Physical education is defined as "instruction in the development and care of the body ranging from simple calisthenics exercises to a course of study providing training in hygiene, gymnastics, and the performance and management of athletic games (Merriam-Webster Dictionary)." This definition is broad because you can learn several topics ranging from the rules of basketball to sex education. It depends on the school policies of your state educational system.

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Physical education was officially recognized in the United States in the early 1800's. Colleges and Universities began to offer physical education programs throughout the 1800's. Finally, in 1866 California was the first to mandate physical education. Many states followed this mandate within the next 30 years. The importance of training the body as well as the mind became prevalent in the educational system.

The 20th century brought varying levels of physical education to each state. Presidents such as Eisenhower and Kennedy promoted physical education and fitness. Children took the Presidential Fitness test each year to assess their physical fitness level. This arose from the need for U.S. students to be as physical fit as their European counterparts.

Controversial issues have played an integral role in physical education history. For example, in 1972 Title IX banned sexual discrimination in schools regarding sports and academics. This allowed female athletes to actively participate in team sports other than cheerleading with the financial and emotional support of the school system.

Another controversial issue is sexual education. It has been the subject of intense debate for many decades. Each state has specific guidelines about what will be taught and whether students can opt out of the sexual education program. Some states allow students to watch a video of a child being born while other states only discuss abstinence.

The official employment of physical education programs has a 200 year history which has become home to controversial issues, social reform, and overall child well being. Physical education will continue to evolve as the needs of the student population changes, societal attitudes fluctuate, and the flow of educational funds towards physical education is maintained.

The Truth About Our Physical Education History

Discover more about our Physical Education History and related Education articles at http://www.officialeducation.com.

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History of Volleyball in the United States

1895 William G. Morgan (1870-1942) invented volleyball, an Olympic sport since 1964, in Holyoke (Massachusetts).  

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1917 American soldiers introduced volleyball to Europe. Volleyball is one of the most popular sports in Russia, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Bulgaria and Yugoslavia.  

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1954 Flora "Flo" Hyman, an ex world-class player (1973-1984), was born on July 29, 1954 in Inglewood, California. This sportswoman was well-known for her fair play. She won two Norceca championships, one Olympic silver medal, one world bronze medal and other international titles.  

1960 Charles Frederick "Karch " Kiraly was born on November 3, 1960 in Jackson (Michigan). He has won three Olympic gold medals (indoor and beach volleyball).  

1964 Under the leadership of Ron Lang, the United States competed in the Olympic Games in Japan-the first Olympic Volleyball Tournament.  

1973 The U.S. men's squad earned the Norceca title in Tijuana (Mexico). In the final, they beat Cuba, Pan American champions and Olympic players, 3-0 (15-12, 15-11, 15-10).  

1974 Under the direction of Carl Mc Gown, head coach of the U.S men's volleyball squad from 1973 to 1976, the American team visited Moscow (Soviet Union) and played friendly matches against the USSR, Cuba and Japan.  

1977 At the Women's World Championships in Japan, the United States beat the USSR, world champion in 1973, 3-1.  

1978 The Cuban men's team toured in Ohio (Dayton), Indiana (Cincinnati & Muncia) , Michigan (Indianapolis Bay) and Illinois (Madison & Wheaton).The USA and Cuba played seven matches...  

1979 The United States women's team earned a silver medal in the Norceca championships and placed fourth in the Pan American Games in San Juan de Puerto Rico.  

1980 For political reasons, the American women squad could not trip to the Summer Olympics in the Soviet Union.  

1981 Doug Beal was named head coach of the U.S. men's volleyball squad.  

1982 The U.S. women's volleyball squad, under the direction of Arie Selinger, became the first North American team to win a world medal.  

1983 The female team gained the Norceca Tournament in Indianapolis. In August, it was runner-up at the Pan American Games in South America.  

1984 In Los Angeles, California (USA), the American men team, under the watchful eyes of Doug Beal, earned the Olympic title. America did not expect to win the global title. The best players were Karch Kiraly, Dusty Dvorak, Craig Buck, Paul Suderland, Aldis Berzins and Marc Waldie.  

1985 Rose Magers was one of the members of the World All-Star team. This Afro-American volleyball player was born on June 25, 1960 in Big Spring, Texas...The male team earned the Korea Cup. They defeated Japan, Mexico and South Korea.  

1987 The United States and Cuba played five friendly matches in Havana. The U.S. men's squad won three matches. Subsequently, they were Pan American champions.  

1995 The female squad became the third national team to win the World Grand Prix.  

1996 The First Olympic Beach Volleyball Tournament was held in Atlanta, Georgia (USA).Two local pairs earned the gold and silver medals in the men's tournament. America's Karch Kiraly, a former star volleyball player, and Kent Steffes became the first American pair to take an Olympic gold medal.  

2000 The American national beach volleyball team, Dan Blanton & Eric Fonoimoana, earned the global title at the Sydney Olympic Games. In the final, they defeated Jose Marco Melo and Ricardo Santos (Brazil).  

2005 Lang Ping became the first woman to be named head coach of the U.S. women's national team. Lang, best known as "Jenny", was born and grew up in the People's Republic of China. In 1982, she was considered the most valuable player in the world.  

2007 At the Norceca Tournament in Puerto Rico, the U.S. men's squad took the regional title and won the right to compete at the FIVB World Cup in Tokyo (Japan).This team finished fourth place in Japan.  

2008 The American volleyball team won two medals, gold and silver, at the Summer Olympics in Beijing (China). This Olympic sport became one of the most popular sports in the United States...

History of Volleyball in the United States

Alejandro Guevara Onofre: He is a freelance writer. Alejandro is of Italian, African and Peruvian ancestry. He has published more than seventy-five research paper in English, and more than twenty in Spanish, concerning the world issues, olympic sports, countries, and tourism. His next essay is called "The Dictator and Alicia Alonso". He is an expert on foreign affairs. Alejandro is the first author who has published a world-book encyclopedia in Latin America.

He admires Frida Kahlo (Mexican painter), José Gamarra (former president of the Bolivian Olympic Committee ,1970- 1982), Hillary Clinton (ex-First Lady of the USA), and Jimmy Carter (former President of the USA). Alejandro said: "The person who I admire the most is José Gamarra . He devoted his professional and personal life to sport. José played an important role in the promotion of Olympism in Bolivia -it is one of the Third World`s poorest countries- and Latin America. His biography is interesting". The sportspeople he most admire is Olympic volleyball player Flo Hyman. "This African-American sportswoman is my idol... "

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A Brief History Of NFL Cheerleaders

The history of NFL cheerleaders goes back to the 1960s when the Baltimore Colts (now the Indianapolis Colts) had formed their very own cheerleading squad. It was the first team to have an official cheerleading squad out of all the other NFL teams. A few other teams decided to have their own cheerleaders as well. NFL cheerleading was nothing like it is today but when the Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders came around in their revealing outfits and dance routines, cheerleading became incredibly popular in sports entertainment.

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The manager of the Dallas Cowboys knew that women could have an important role in promoting their team and their public image. He first tried to put some models out on the field for the audience. The models couldn't survive the heat during the games and turned out to be a failure in terms of entertaining the sports fans. Determined to make his idea work, the Dallas Cowboys manager thought of a brand new concept at the time. This concept was to bring athletic dancers to perform choreographed routines on the sidelines. He held auditions where women were selected for their dance skills, looks, and style. The Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders were formed and the squad took to the field their custom-made uniforms and dance routines. The sports fans loved this and the NFL cheerleaders skyrocketed with popularity at Super Bowl X where America's millions of people sitting at home saw a glimpse of these newborn stars on television.

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With their complex dance routines and pretty looks, the Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders created the new image of NFL cheerleaders. More NFL teams decided to take on a cheerleading squad of their own in order to increase their team's exposure to the public and media. The latest NFL cheerleading squad to be formed was the "New York Flight Crew" (formed in 2007) who cheer for the New York Jets. With this spurt in popularity, the cheerleaders made guest appearances on television shows, paid events, charity events, and also overseas performances for the US military troops. The NFL cheerleaders contributed greatly to the public image of the NFL greatly as the media began to recognize their presence.

NFL cheerleaders were no longer just dancers on the field but also participated off the field to heighten the public image of the NFL teams. Though the stereotype of cheerleaders is that of a simple-minded, dancing girl, bear in mind that they are actually contributors to the community as well as sophisticated entertainers in the field of sports entertainment.

A Brief History Of NFL Cheerleaders

David Court has written various articles on the issue of NFL cheerleaders. To find out more, visit his website NFL Cheerleaders Blog

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Fun Facts About Angola - From Basketball to History!

Foreign Relations

Did you know- Present-day Angola has an independent foreign policy since the 1990s. Currently, the modern state of Angola maintains close diplomatic relations with the United States of America. It has also excellent ties with Brazil and the People's Republic of China. In December 2008, the country's ruler Jose Eduardo dos Santos, a Soviet-trained-engineer, arrived in Beijing, China's capital, for an official visit. During Cold War, in the 1970s and early 1980s, it had had rocky relationship with the White House. During that time, Luanda forged strong links with the Soviet Union (modern-day Russia), Cuba, Bulgaria and the German Democratic Republic (now Germany). Due to its anti-American policy, the Angolan rule, along with other pro-Soviet states, boycotted the 1984 Summer Games in Los Angeles, CA.

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Tourism

Did you know- This land has important scope for exploiting its potential in fishing, and eco-tourism. There are several virgin beaches -unknown in the world-- with spectacular landscapes and a favorable climate.

Geography

Did you know- This former Portuguese colony is Africa's seventh-largest country, after Sudan, Algeria, Libya and other countries. Otherwise, the African nation of Angola shares borders with Namibia (former South African territory) and Zambia (ex British dependency), as well as Congo ( ex French territory), and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (former Zaire).It is one of the most diverse nations on the Planet, from tropical jungles, and savannahs to mountains, rivers, waterfalls, and deserts.

Economics

Did you know- Thanks to oil exports, between 1994 and 2004, the country boasted one of the world's fastest-growing economies, ahead of several Asian and Latin American nations.

Modern History

Did you know- Like many Portuguese colonies on the African mainland, the modern country of Angola, once the seat of an ancient kingdom, gained its national independence in the mid-1970s. Then, in the succeeding years, it, with Soviet/Cuban backing, became a Marxist republic in the Third World, alongside states like the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (also known as North Korea), Laos, Cambodia, Ethiopia, and Benin (former Dahomey). In the subsequent decade, Angola, under the rule of Jose Eduardo Dos Santos, the country's ruler since 1979, abandoned Marxism-Leninism, along with Benin, Ethiopia, and Sao Tome & Principe.

Language

Did you know- The Portuguese is the official language, but Angola, a vast nation with a host of ethnic groups, has a large non-Portuguese speaking population.

Ruacana Falls

Did you know- The country is home to the Ruacana Falls, one of Africa's natural wonders. It is Southern Africa's fourth-largest waterfalls

Famous Visitors

Did you know- Pope Benedict XVI visited the country in March 2009; the first visit from a Vatican leader to Africa since 2000 when John Paul II went to Mount Sinai, Egypt. By the early 1990s, Pope John Paul II travelled to Angola

Luanda

Did you know- Luanda, one of sub-Saharan Africa's most important cities, is the national capital of the country.

Angola & Miss World

Did you know- At the 2007 Miss World in Sanya (China), the country's representative Micaela Patricia Reis achieved the highest-ever finish for an Angolan beauty queen, first runner-up. Miss Reis had been hand-picked by an international panel of judges. Since the late 1990s, the African nation of Angola has competed in 11 Miss World contests.

Basketball

Did you know- Astonishingly,Angola, a former war-torn nation (from 1976 to 1992), has competed, without foreign coaches, in five FIBA World Cups (Spain'86, Argentina'90, Canada'94, USA'02, and Japan'06). In addition, the Angolan men's basketball team will be one of the 24 squads present at the 2010 FIBA World Tournament in Istanbul, Turkey. By 1986, in the World Championships, the Angolan team, which had beat Australia (one of the world's top ten basketball teams) in the previous round, placed 20th. By the early 2000s, it finished 11th in the global tournament in Indianapolis (USA), ahead of China, Venezuela and Canada. On the other hand, the nation has competed in five Olympic tournaments (Barcelona'92, Atlanta'96, Sydney'00, Athens'04 and Beijing '08). At the XXV Summer Games in Spain, Angola defeated the People's Republic of China 79-69.

Awards/ gold medals (1983-2009)

1983: Regional Tournament, Cairo (Egypt) - silver medal

1985: African Tournament, Abidjan (Ivory Coast) - silver medal

1987: Continental Tournament, Tunis (Tunisia)- bronze medal

1987: All- Africa Games, Nairobi (Kenya) - champions

1989: Continental Tournament, Luanda (Angola) - winners

1992: African Cup, Cairo (Egypt)- gold medal

1993: Continental Tournament, Nairobi (Kenya) -gold medal

1995: Continental Tournament- Algiers (Algeria) -gold medal

1997: African Cup, Dakar (Senegal)-bronze medal

1997: All- Africa Games, Harare (Zimbabwe) - champions

1999: Regional Tournament, Luanda (Angola)- winners

1999: All- Africa Games, Johannesburg (South Africa)- champions

2001: African Tournament, Rabat (Morocco) -winners

2003: Regional Tournament, Cairo (Egypt)- champions

2003: All- Africa Games, Abuja (Nigeria) - champions

2005: Regional Tournament, Algiers (Algeria) - winners

2007: Continental Tournament, Luanda (Angola) - winners

2007: All- Africa Games, Algiers (Algeria) - champions

2009: African Cup, Tripoli (Libya) - gold medal

Fun Facts About Angola - From Basketball to History!

Alejandro Guevara Onofre: Freelance writer. Alejandro is author of a host of articles/essays about over 220 countries and dependencies (and American States as well), from ecology, history, tourism and national heroes to Olympic sports, foreign relations, and wildlife. In addition, he has published some books on women's rights, among them "History of the Women in America" and "Famous Americans".

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A History of the Indianapolis 500 Owners

There are only three sports, bull fighting, motor racing, and mountain climbing; everything else is just a game. While historians may argue whether this famous quote should be attributed to author, Earnest Hemingway or his contemporary, Barnaby Conrad, it is difficult to ignore the truth in its message. The truth is that competitors who gamble their lives to compete deserve some extra measure of respect. It is fitting that we acknowledge this very important distinction in honor of those who ante up.

indianapolis 500 evolution

For more than 100 years drivers from around the world have come to Indianapolis to test themselves and their machines. There is no place on earth that gives more in triumph and takes more in tragedy than the two and a half mile oval at Indianapolis. The Indianapolis Motor Speedway turns dreams into legends. None of that, however, would be possible without the loyal and fanatical support of the spectators who come each year to witness the greatest spectacle in racing.

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The Indianapolis 500 mile race is the largest one day sporting event in the world. Attendance, which has never been officially published, is currently estimated at nearly 400,000 thrill-seeking spectators. There are no contenders for this throne. The Indy 500 is the undisputed king of motor sport races. Fittingly, its history is equally astonishing.

THE FOUNDING FATHERS
The Indianapolis Motor Speedway was the brain child of an energetic entrepreneur named Carl Fisher. Born in Greensburg, Indiana in 1874, Carl grew up in a broken home of modest means. After dropping out of school at the age of 12 to help support his mother and two brothers, he held several menial jobs before opening his own business at the age of 17. His entrepreneurship began with a bicycle shop he opened in Indianapolis with his two brothers in 1891. The bicycle shop became highly successful due in large part to Carl's talent for outlandish promotion. He soon steered his partners into the automobile business by turning the bicycle shop into what is believed to be the first automobile dealership in the United States.

When approached by an inventor of an acetylene lamp for use on automobiles, Carl Fisher seized the opportunity to begin manufacturing head lights for the auto industry and through a series of plants around the country supplied the headlights for most every automobile and truck made in America.

Carl Fisher's dealership sold, Oldsmobile, Packard, Stutz, and the Stoddard-Dayton automobiles. On a trip to Europe in 1909 or shortly prior thereto, Carl discovered the European automobile manufacturers were building superior automobiles. He took a special interest in a large automobile test track he visited in Surrey England and came back home with plans to build one himself.

Carl was well on his way to becoming a wealthy man by this time. He had several successful ventures including a company which manufactured the Prest-o-Lite lamps installed on virtually every truck and car built in the United States. He forged friendships with other local entrepreneurs and recruited three of them to be his partners in this

new venture. James Allison, Arthur Newby, and Frank Wheeler signed on, invested their money with Carl and soon formed the Indianapolis Motor Speedway Company. They purchased a 240 acre farm a few miles northwest of Indianapolis and later expanded it to include the 530 acre property it is today.

James Allison, the inventor of the Allison Perfection Fountain Pen, met Carl Fisher through their mutual interest in the bicycle craze. Together they formed the ZigZag bicycle club. Later they joined as partners in the Prest-o-Lite venture. James Allison then formed the Indianapolis Speedway Team Company, which evolved into the Allison Engine Company that is now the Allison Transmission Company of General Motors. Rolls Royce acquired the engine building division of Allisons in 1995.

Arthur Newby was the president of National Motor Vehicle Company, located in Indianapolis. His company began its venture by manufacturing electric automobiles. Though the Company faltered in 1924, it managed to produce the winning entry for the 1912 Indianapolis Motor Speedway, before closing its doors forever.

Frank Wheeler, the fourth founding member of the Indianapolis Motor Speedway, was a partner in the Wheeler-Schebler Carburetor Company, which manufactured carburetors for automobile manufactures throughout the United States. Frank Wheeler and his partner George Schebler commissioned the Wheeler-Schebler Trophy, which was the first trophy presented to winners of the Indianapolis 500 Mile Race, and the predecessor of the Borg Warner Trophy.

The farm they purchased, known by the locals as the Pressley Farm, sat near the corner of Crawfordsville Pike (now known as 16th St.) and Georgetown Rd, five miles west of downtown Indianapolis. However, another farmer named Levi Munter owned 80 acres, which sat directly on the corner of what is now 16th and Georgetown Road. The Fisher partners purchased an option on the 80 acres in December 1908 and exercised the option sometime shortly after filing their articles of incorporation for the new Indianapolis Motor Speedway Company on March 20, 1909.

In the spring of 1909, the land around the speedway was largely pasture land, but a few factories, situated just south of the site of the new Indianapolis Motor Speedway, had been in operation for several years prior. Those factories included the Prest-o-Lite company built and operated by Carl Fisher. James Allison's machine shop was also located just south of the site of the new speedway. The Allison machine shop that later became the Allison transmission and engine company is still in operation at or near the same location today. The town of Speedway was founded in 1926 and the Indianapolis Motor Speedway now sits entirely within the city limits of Speedway, Indiana.

Automobile racing was not popular at that time. Building a race course for the sake of holding automobile races, was not Carl Fisher's plan. His plan was to build a testing ground for American automobile manufacturers to test their machines and make them faster and more reliable. The races he organized in 1909 were part of his plan to promote the track and encourage automobile makers to take up the challenge. Better cars meant happy buyers which in turn brought about enthusiastic sales. Carl Fisher and his partners were perhaps better able to benefit from the anticipated boom of automobile sales than any other persons in the world. With the first automobile dealership and a manufacturing plant that made running lights for virtually every automobile made in the United States at that time, Carl Fisher was poised to make an enormous fortune.

Since 1911 when the first Indianapolis 500 mile race was run, many stories turned to legend and helped insure that the history of the Indianapolis Motor Speedway would be recorded for posterity. Flamboyant drivers, owners and mechanics came to Indianapolis to compete for the prize of fortune and fame. Some have faded into the pages of history despite risking their life, fortunes and reputations and are these days nothing more than a footnote in history. Others, however, made their mark though success or tragedy and are memorialized on the pages of historical books, photographs and film.

There is perhaps no race driver in history who did more to capture the attention and admiration of the world, than Barney Oldfield. Born Berna Eli Oldfield, in 1878 near Waseon, Ohio, Barney started his racing career by competing in bicycle races across the country. He transitioned to automobile racing by joining a friend and fellow racer Tom Cooper in a racing venture, which sprang from a short interlude with future automobile titan, Henry Ford. Ford, who's two prototype cars were difficult to start, sold both of his cars to Cooper for 0.00. Cooper put Oldfield behind the wheel and entered the car in the 1902 Manufacturer's Challenge Cup. When Oldfield beat Alexander Winton, the defending champ and odds on favorite by more than a half mile in a car built by Henry Ford, both men were catapulted into automobile history. Oldfield became synonymous with speed and Ford got the financial backing he needed to start his automobile manufacturing company. Barney Oldfield was the first man to break the 60 mile per hour barrier in a mile run at the Indianapolis State Fair Grounds a few years later. He raced in the Indianapolis 500 in 1914 and 1916, finishing 5th in both races. He never won the Indy 500, but he became a close friend and business associate of Carl Fisher.

For many years, motorcycle cops around the country, were fond of asking "who in the hell do you think you are, Barney Oldfield?", when stopping motorists for exceeding the speed limit. Oldfield, with his trademark cigar and thick black mustache, was one of the most celebrated drivers in the early years at the Indianapolis 500. His barnstorming thrill shows and record setting speed exploits also helped give international prominence to the Indianapolis 500 Mile Race.

A History of the Indianapolis 500 Owners

For more information on the Indianapolis 500, please see our site on the Indianapolis Motor Speedway.

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The History of the Indianapolis 500

Many events in automotive history can be attributed to the creative dream and obsession of a single man to realize his dreams. The Ford and the Jaguar were examples of this. The Indianapolis 500 also began as one man's dream. Carl Fisher of Indianapolis, Indiana conceived the idea of building a racetrack for car manufacturers to test their equipment against that of other manufacturers. And he believed that the general public would be willing to pay to watch these events.

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Carl had some friends who were also interested in his dream. Together they searched for and found land, which they were able to buy for ,000. They then incorporated under the name of Indianapolis Motor Speedway Company.

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Although scheduled to open on June 5, 1909, there were several construction delays so the first race was not held until August 19, 1909. Unfortunately, this event was marked by tragedy. Three competitors and two spectators were killed while several other people were injured.

Following these sad occurrences, Fisher announced that the track would be made safer. After paving the track, and installing guardrails, Fisher re-opened the track on December 17, 1909. Many successful events were now held and plans were soon in the works for a new, bigger and better track, which was completed in 1911.

The first Indianapolis 500 was held on May 30, 1911. The winning prize was ,550. Ray Haroun, driving a Marmon Wasp, won.

However, the race did not arouse any interest in Europe until 1913. That year, in addition to cars from the United States, drivers entered from France, England, Germany and Italy. A European driver, Jules Goux, won, driving a 1913 Peugeot. He was the first European winner. Now the American Indy 500 had earned international status. It continued to grow until World War I; during which time all racing activities were suspended. The track served the war effort as a landing field and was also used as an aviation repair depot.

Following the end of World War I, the first race was held on May 31. The winner's prize was ,000. But tragedy struck again, the first time since 1911, and three people were killed.

In 1920, Gaston Chevrolet, in a Monroe, was the first driver across the finish line. He was the first American winner since 1912.

In 1927 Carl Fisher sold the Speedway to Eddie Rickenbacker. Over the following years, many changes took place. Then during World War II, the Speedway was left idle. Races were discontinued and it was not needed in the war effort.

After repairs and renovation, it re-opened in 1946. That year, George Robson won.

Many traditions have developed around the race. At the end the Purdue Marching Band plays "Back Home Again in Indiana." When the line "the new mown hay" begins, thousands of multicolored balloons are released into the air.

Since the race occurs on Memorial Day, the band plays "Taps" and a US military aircraft performs a fly-by.

There is a more recent tradition, which began in 1996, of the winning driver and crew kissing the yard of bricks that indicate the start/finish line. It is also traditional that the winner drinks a bottle of milk right after the race.

Over the years, Carl Fisher's dream has probably exceeded his wildest expectations. The winning purse has gone from ,550 in 1911 to ,047,150 in 1999. Cars enter and people attend from around the world. Carl Fisher would be happy.

The History of the Indianapolis 500

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